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Pautan-Pautan

Kesilapan² Utama dalam Desain Web

Oleh Jakob Nielsen (Mei 1996)

1. Menggunakan Frames

Membahagikan halaman kepada bingkai-bingkai membingungkan pengguna kerana bingkai-bingkai menyangkal model asas pengguna sesuatu halaman web. Masalah timbul sebab pengguna tidak dapat menanda halaman itu, URL tidak dapat berfungsi dan percetakan bertambah sukar. Yang paling penting sekali, kebolehjangkaan tindakan pengguna dipinggirkan - pengguna berasa was-was tentang pautan yang disediakan.

(Using Frames)
Splitting a page into frames is very confusing for users since frames break the fundamental user model of the web page. All of a sudden, you cannot bookmark the current page and return to it (the bookmark points to another version of the frameset), URLs stop working, and printouts become difficult. Even worse, the predictability of user actions goes out the door: who knows what information will appear where when you click on a link?

2. Menggunakan Teknologi Tercanggih Dengan Melampau

Elakkan daripada menarik perhatian pengguna ke laman web dengan menggunakan teknologi yang tercanggih. Kebanyakan pengguna ditarik ke sesuatu laman web sebab isi kandunganya dan bukan teknologi yang ada pada web itu. Contohnya ialah VRML - hanya berguna untuk tiga dimensi sahaja.

(Gratuitous Use of Bleeding-Edge Technology)
Don't try to attract users to your site by bragging about use of the latest web technology. You may attract a few nerds, but mainstream users will care more about useful content and your ability to offer good customer service. Using the latest and greatest before it is even out of beta is a sure way to discourage users: if their system crashes while visiting your site, you can bet that many of them will not be back. Unless you are in the business of selling Internet products or services, it is better to wait until some experience has been gained with respect to the appropriate ways of using new techniques. When desktop publishing was young, people put twenty fonts in their documents: let's avoid similar design bloat on the Web.

As an example: Use VRML if you actually have information that maps naturally onto a three-dimensional space (e.g., architectural design, shoot-them-up games, surgery planning). Don't use VRML if your data is N-dimensional since it is usually better to produce 2-dimensional overviews that fit with the actual display and input hardware available to the user.

3. Teks Yang Berskrol, Marquee, dan Anamasi Yang Senantiasa Bergerak

Elakkan daripada memasukkan unsur-unsur halaman yang bergerak secara berterusan atau berkelip-kelip. Imej yang bergerak mempunyai kesan yang melemahkan pandangan pinggiran manusia. Berikan pengguna peluang, ketenangan dan kesunyian untuk membaca isi kandungan laman web anda. 

Scrolling Text, Marquees, and Constantly Running Animations
Never include page elements that move incessantly. Moving images have an overpowering effect on the human peripheral vision. A web page should not emulate Times Square in New York City in its constant attack on the human senses: give your user some peace and quiet to actually read the text!

Of course, <BLINK> is simply evil. Enough said.

4. URL Yang Kompleks

Walaupun URL setiap halaman sepatutnya tidak perlu didedahkan kepada interface pengguna, namun begitu URL dipaparkan kepada pengguna. Pengguna cuba dekod URL halaman-halaman untuk mengetahui lokasi dan sifat setiap halaman. Justeru itu, URL seharusnya mesra pengguna dan mengandungi maklumat yang senang difahami oleh pengguna. Selain itu, ada kalanya pengguna ingin menaip URL untuk mencapai seseuatu halaman. 

Complex URLs
Even though machine-level addressing like the URL should never have been exposed in the user interface, it is there and we have found that users actually try to decode the URLs of pages to infer the structure of web sites. Users do this because of the horrifying lack of support for navigation and sense of location in current web browsers. Thus, a URL should contain human-readable directory and file names that reflect the nature of the information space.

Also, users sometimes need to type in a URL, so try to minimize the risk of typos by using short names with all lower-case characters and no special characters (many people don't know how to type a ~).

5. Laman-laman Yatim

Pastikan semua halaman menunjukkan lokasinya dalam sesuatu tapak web kerana pengguna mungkin mengakses halaman itu secara langsung. Navigasi ke pangkal dan halaman lain mestilah jelas.

Orphan Pages
Make sure that all pages include a clear indication of what web site they belong to since users may access pages directly without coming in through your home page. For the same reason, every page should have a link up to your home page as well as some indication of where they fit within the structure of your information space.

6. Laman-laman Skrol Yang Panjang

Lebih kurang 10% pengguna skrol ke bawah sesuatu halaman. Semua maklumat penting dan navigasi mesti diletakkan pada bahagian atas halaman. 

Long Scrolling Pages
Only 10% of users scroll beyond the information that is visible on the screen when a page comes up. All critical content and navigation options should be on the top part of the page.

7. Kekurangan Sokongan Navigasi

Jangan menganggap pengguna mengetahui selok-belok laman web anda. Mereka mungkin menghadapi masalah mencari maklumat yang diperlukan jika struktur dan keselesaan navigasi tidak wujud. 

Lack of Navigation Support
Don't assume that users know as much about your site as you do. They always have difficulty finding information, so they need support in the form of a strong sense of structure and place. Start your design with a good understanding of the structure of the information space and communicate this structure explicitly to the user. Provide a site map and let users know where they are and where they can go. Also, you will need a good search feature since even the best navigation support will never be enough.

8. Warna Pautan Yang Tidak Piawai

Pautan yang belum dicapai biasanya berwarna biru; yang telah dicapai pula berwarna merah atau ungu. Sekiranya warna lain yang tidak mengikut piawaian digunakan, pengguna kemungkinan keliru dan rasa tidak selasa menggunakan navigasi yang disediakan.

Non-Standard Link Colors
Links to pages that have not been seen by the user are blue; links to previously seen pages are purple or red. Don't mess with these colors since the ability to understand what links have been followed is one of the few navigational aides that is standard in most web browsers. Consistency is key to teaching users what the link colors mean.

9. Informasi Yang Lapuk

Selain daripada menambahkan isi kandungan yang baru, maklumat yang ketinggalan zaman dan lapuk mesti dikemaskinikan.

Outdated Information
Budget to hire a web gardener as part of your team. You need somebody to root out the weeds and replant the flowers as the website changes but most people would rather spend their time creating new content than on maintenance. In practice, maintenance is a cheap way of enhancing the content on your website since many old pages keep their relevance and should be linked into the new pages. Of course, some pages are better off being removed completely from the server after their expiration date.

10. Waktu Download Yang Terlalu Panjang

Sebagai panduan, masa respons yang maksimum sebelum seseorang menghilangkan minat ialah 10 saat. Sekiranya halaman memakan masa yang terlaku panjang (lebih daripada 15 saat) pengguna kemungkinan besar mengeluar daripada laman web yang sedang dicapainya. 

Overly Long Download Times
I am placing this issue last because most people already know about it; not because it is the least important. Traditional human factors guidelines indicate 10 seconds as the maximum response time before users lose interest. On the web, users have been trained to endure so much suffering that it may be acceptable to increase this limit to 15 seconds for a few pages.